✦ Kitchen Essentials

The Complete Vegan Swaps Guide

Every animal product replaced with a brilliant plant-based alternative. Bookmark this page — you'll use it constantly.

Dairy Swaps

Cow's milk
Oat milk (best for coffee), almond milk, soy milk (highest protein)
Butter
Vegan block butter (Miyoko's, Flora), coconut oil, olive oil
Double cream
Full-fat coconut cream (chilled), cashew cream, oat cream
Parmesan
Nutritional yeast + salt, cashew parmesan, store-bought vegan parmesan
Cream cheese
Cashew cream cheese, tofu-based cream cheese, store-bought Violife
Yoghurt
Coconut yoghurt, soy yoghurt, oat yoghurt
Ice cream
Coconut milk ice cream, banana nice cream, oat milk gelato

Egg Swaps

The right egg substitute depends on the role eggs play in the recipe:

Egg as binder (baking)
Flax egg (1 tbsp ground flax + 3 tbsp water), chia egg, aquafaba
Egg for moisture
Mashed banana, unsweetened apple sauce, silken tofu
Scrambled eggs
Scrambled tofu with turmeric and black salt (kala namak for eggy flavour)
Fried egg
Thin slice of firm tofu, fried in oil with a little turmeric
Egg wash (pastry)
Plant milk brushed on, or aquafaba for a golden glaze
Meringue
Aquafaba (chickpea brine) — whips to stiff peaks just like egg white

Meat & Fish Swaps

Ground beef / mince
Lentils, walnuts blitzed, Beyond Meat, textured soy protein (TVP)
Chicken breast
Firm tofu, seitan, jackfruit (for shredded texture), king oyster mushrooms
Bacon
Smoked tempeh strips, rice paper bacon, coconut bacon, shiitake bacon
Tuna
Mashed chickpeas with nori flakes (for the sea flavour), young jackfruit
Beef steak
Thick-cut seitan steak, large portobello mushroom, cauliflower steak
Pulled pork
Young green jackfruit (canned in water or brine) — shreds perfectly

Honey & Other Swaps

Honey
Maple syrup, agave nectar, date syrup, brown rice syrup
Gelatine
Agar agar (seaweed-derived) — use 1 tsp agar per 1 sheet gelatine
Worcestershire sauce
Henderson's Relish or vegan Worcester sauce (check label)
Fish sauce
Soy sauce + a strip of nori, or dedicated vegan fish sauce
Lard / suet
Vegetable suet, coconut oil, vegan shortening

💡 Pro tip: Black salt (kala namak) is your secret weapon — it has a sulphurous, eggy aroma that transforms tofu scrambles and vegan egg dishes. Find it in Indian grocery stores or online.

Swapping for Baking — A Deeper Guide

Baking is where vegan substitutions require the most thought, because eggs and dairy each serve specific chemical functions. Understanding why you're substituting — not just what to use — transforms your baking results.

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For Moisture & Binding

Mashed ripe banana adds moisture and binds well in muffins, banana bread, and dense cakes. Use 60g per egg. Be aware it adds banana flavour — great for some recipes, not all.

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For Light Binding

Flax egg (1 tbsp ground flaxseed + 3 tbsp water, rested 5 mins) is neutral in flavour and works brilliantly in cookies, brownies, and savoury baking where a slight nuttiness is welcome.

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For Leavening

When eggs provide lift, use a combination: 1 tsp baking powder + 1 tbsp apple cider vinegar, or 3 tbsp aquafaba. These work best in cakes where you want a lighter, airier crumb.

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For Dairy in Baking

Soy milk has the highest protein of plant milks and behaves most like dairy in baking — it curdles with acid to make buttermilk, browns well, and produces tender crumbs.

Cheese Swaps — Going Deeper

Cheese deserves its own extended section because it's typically the hardest swap. Different styles of cheese perform very differently, and the best vegan alternatives depend on what function the cheese serves in your dish.

For Melting (Pizza, Pasta Bakes, Toasties)

Tapioca-based vegan mozzarella stretches beautifully when heated. Brands like Violife, Sheese Mozzarella, and Miyoko's Mozzarella are excellent. For a homemade version, a tapioca starch and cashew blend mimics melt and stretch remarkably well.

For Sprinkling (Parmesan-Style)

Blend 60g cashews with 3 tbsp nutritional yeast, ½ tsp garlic powder, and ½ tsp sea salt in a food processor until you have a fine, sandy texture. Store in a jar in the fridge for up to two weeks. It keeps its texture better than shop-bought alternatives.

For Spreading (Cream Cheese, Brie-Style)

Soaked cashews blended with lemon juice, apple cider vinegar, and salt produce an incredibly creamy, tangy cream cheese. For a more complex flavour, add a small amount of white miso. Rest overnight in the fridge for a firmer set.

Swapping Textures, Not Just Ingredients

The most successful vegan cooking recognises that a great swap isn't just about flavour — texture, colour, and function matter equally. Here's how to think about texture when substituting:

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Meaty Chew

King oyster mushrooms, torn seitan, and well-pressed extra firm tofu all deliver satisfying chew. Marinade time matters — overnight in soy, garlic, and smoked paprika transforms tofu completely.

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Fatty Richness

Coconut cream, soaked cashews, and tahini replace the unctuous mouthfeel of dairy. In savoury dishes, a spoonful of white miso adds depth and the slight creaminess of aged cheese.

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Flaky & Shredded

Young green jackfruit (in water or brine, not syrup) shreds exactly like pulled pork when braised low and slow. King oyster mushrooms, torn lengthways and roasted, give a convincing scallop-like texture.

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Crispy & Golden

Chickpea flour batter creates a golden crust identical to egg wash. For the crispiest tofu, press well, coat in cornflour, and pan-fry in a thin layer of neutral oil before adding sauce.

💡 The pantry principle: the more of these swaps you practise, the more intuitive they become. Within a few months of cooking this way, you'll stop thinking in terms of "substitutes" and start thinking in terms of the plant-based ingredient itself — and that's when vegan cooking really opens up.